In Stanley Kubrick's deeply dark, deeply insightful, and sadly timeless classic film "

Dr. Strangelove: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb

", we see people at every level of power and influence trying to figure out just how to deal with a potential catastrophe and reality of their own making. In the end (spoiler alert), well... things don't go well.

While the algorithms we have allowed to be designed have not yet grown to such a potentially calamitous end, they 

 and are deserving of our constant review and critique. 

Massively popular and also massively influential. And what do we know about it? Very little. How much do we talk about it? Very little. But we should.

Can we talk about the Spotify Discover Weekly algorithm? 

If you use Spotify with any regularity, chances are you are probably a fan of the 

 playlist, Spotify's algorithmically-determined list of songs tuned to you. 

Since its launch in 2015, it has been met with near-universal acclaim and listenership. A 

quick Twitter sentiment analysis for "discovery weekly"

shows overwhelming positivity - even when it misses, it still hits.

But, like all modern conveniences - from tailored ads to "customers also viewed these similar products", there's a lot going on behind its face. And with the millions of Spotify users, it has a huge impact.

With our personal data fueling this (and other) massive engines of influence, these things are worthy of understanding - and critique. I've found shockingly little critical discussion around the impact of Spotify's algorithm when the likes of Facebook, YouTube, and Google are being called before Congress to discuss their algorithms, so I've decided to take a deeper dive and consider it all.

Straightaway, I'll tell you that the Spotify is close-lipped about their algorithm because it is a private company protecting their intellectual 

. Secondly, it is very complicated, but not impossible to understand. Software engineer Sofia Ciocca published an 

in-depth Medium piece on how the Spotify algorithm works back in 2017

 that exposed from primary sources how it worked.

At the time, she wrote it was these three components:

Collaborative Filtering: What People with Tastes Similar to You Also Like

Natural Language Processing: What The Internet Likes

Raw Audio Processing: Sounds Like This Other Song You Like

You could argue that the above components map to "old school" discovery - asking your friends who like the music you do what they are listening to (#1), browsing music blogs or print reviews (#2), or ... just hearing a beat you like from a radio 15 feet away (#3). There's wisdom in modeling it as such - why reinvent the wheel?

But it's important to understand that 1) these algorithms are fueled by 

 positive) of a massive audience being influenced by a homogenous algorithm.

Don't be ignorant to the fact that your personally identifiable data is being used by Spotify to provide you this service, and to provide it to other paying users. But also: 

that data may be used or sold to third parties

. But that's the bargain, right? Thanks to laws like the 

 - most companies have been forced to provide a way for you to request or delete your data in a timely manner.

Quora: How Can I Download My Spotify Data?

There have been relatively few studies on the effects of Spotify on user's consumption of and discovery of new music. But one study, 

‘How Consumers’ Adoption of Online Streaming Affects Music Consumption and Discovery’

, determined that discovery of "highly valued music" increased dramatically with Spotify vs iTunes, as well as overall consumption. The general sentiment on social media also implies a deep, earned affinity with Spotify for these same reasons.

Empirically speaking, this maps to my own experience and that of my friends who I've discussed how Spotify has impacted them. I've encountered a number of new artists and albums that I now "highly value" through Spotify, and specifically 

. And of those, I've tended to purchase physical copies of the album as well.

One case in point is Pastor T. L. Burnett's 

 - a 1971 gospel album. I am not a religious person, nor do I have an affinity for gospel music but 

recommended a few tracks off this album to me sometime in 2016/17. Likely due to the algorithmic components described above, specifically my "favoriting" of tracks that feature "choral vocals" and "tight bass lines". This album has both, and it quickly became one of my all-time favorites. I bought the LP on vinyl.

What's more, is that later I saw this relatively unknown album in the front window of 

 that same fall of 2017. How did that happen? Was Spotify suggesting it to me because they conspired with a tiny label to push sales of a 2010 re-released album that had little fanfare before or after? Or because, rather, it resonated with others that shared my similar tastes?

So, both objectively and empirically, I tend to think that the Impact on End-Users with Spotify is a 

It's been shown to increasingly expose listeners to music they find "highly valued".

: Keep in mind these recommendations are coming from an opaque algorithm from an organization with a profit motive. While useful, we have little way of knowing what goes into it. More on this later.

The Impact On Overall Sales: Initial Disruption Followed By Some Positive Trend

The record store as we knew it pre-iPod is long gone, replaced by digital downloads or more recently, streaming. And, since the nadir of music sales in 2015, 

it's been climbing in large part to streaming

. But there has been a recent and very interesting development. A few weeks ago, 

the RIAA announced vinyl sales have eclipsed CDs for the first time in three decades

, vinyl sales were being driven by streaming.

This stream-then-buy has been the case for me. I can't tell you the number of artists I've been introduced to - or re-introduced to and I've bought the vinyl. Apparently it's the same for other listeners? Emotional attachment may very well be turning into sales (again).

So, by all accounts while streaming (or perhaps the 

) killed the traditional music-buying marketplace, in its place a new ecosystem has risen. The barriers to discovery and purchase are lessened, but so has the need to purchase discrete albums and tracks lessened. 

One thing that an algorithmic approach to music discovery does provide is a wider view of cross-genre interests. I could not find any definitive information on the growth of genre diversity among listeners, but empirically - I've seen this in myself, and in my friend network.

The Impact On Artists: Likely Positive, But Is a Single Point of Failure

From an artist-revenue perspective, the general attitude is that 

Spotify isn't pulling its weight with the "middle class" of artist

. But, from a music discovery and overall awareness perspective, 

there's never been an opportunity like Spotify

When compared to the industrial "Top 40" machine, the "fairer" marketplace that is Spotify appears to be a win for most artists as they have a more open playing field. However, the payout (as mentioned in those prior articles) is a pittance compared to the sale of a physical disc or MP3 download.

In direct context with the algorithm - as long as the algorithm is solely based on user-generated patterns and NOT through sponsored nudges, etc - the algorithm looks to be working.

So, in sum: likely positive, but as Spotify is the 1000-pound gorilla and gatekeeper, it demands constant critique and attention. If it fails, a huge avenue for musicians fails.

The Problem With Algorithms: Transparency

Overall, my research says to me there is a positive outcome from the Spotify algorithm. However, the algorithm is opaque and proprietary, like most algorithms - including Google Search. And considering its massive impact on consumers, it demands criticism and investigation, on two fronts: 1) is Spotify allowing external influence and 2) how is the personal data being used?

Regarding external influence - it's hard to determine this except by outside observation. But, the driving force behind the recommendations appears to be data alone. Obviously we can't know that for certain - but 

 Spotify has been fairly transparent in the methods it uses and 

 music is so intensely personal that a song out of place in a Discover Weekly feels like your shirt is on backward. Listeners will smell (hear?) a rat.

In the Google world, there is much research, reporting, sleuthing, and experimentation done against that algorithm. From my research, 

this has happened, albeit on a very limited scale

, with Spotify as well. And that's completely necessary for businesses (artists) who use the platform, but also for consumers to have confidence that they are not being unduly influenced. Ever hear of 

The homogeny of the algorithm and our intensely growing comfort and need for it needs checking on occasion. Find other sources of recommendation, otherwise we will all collapse into a Spotify singularity.

Overall, through objective research and empirical observation, I think it is fair say that the net result of Spotify and its Discover Weekly algorithm

 for listeners has been very positive. For musicians 

(ignoring for a moment the overall music marketplace)

 has also been positive, though less conclusively so. 

 suggestion algorithm appears to do a good job of recommending music users like and tends to promote music discovery and genre expansion in ways that we've never seen before on a massive scale. Not everyone has that "one friend" who is a tastemaker, after all. 

: The overall market share and audience influence that Spotify has coupled with the lack of transparency is deeply concerning and demands constant critique and investigation. 

While not necessarily as important as, say, governance or legislation, music, and the environment needed to create it is a critical part of culture and the human condition. Completing ceding that it into the hands of an opaque, monolithic entity is a recipe for disaster.

And never forget that your data is running it. You are a stakeholder, and you have influence.

Shortly after Amazon Prime launched, I noticed a lot of pressure on ecommerce vendors (and really, anyone who was shipping anything) to ship quickly and ship cheaply. If it didn't say "Free Shipping", it was dead. It became a major trend because users were factoring it into their purchasing decisions. And now everyone, from Etsy to eBay offer expedited, free shipping.

, but you could also call it "The YouTube Effect" because shortly after YouTube hit the mainstream in the early 2010s users came to expect quick, cheap, high-quality, lag-free video streaming. If you or the vendor you chose to stream video didn't live up to that it was a letdown. But few for-pay video streamers could do that - though thanks to tech and bandwidth improvements, they have - because they were forced to.

Now, recommendation engines like Spotify's have changed the game for any sort of recommendations - from music to shopping to the "related posts" at the bottom of a blog post.

Research

Privacy & Compliance

Analysis

A Critical Look at Spotify's Algorithms, Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Algorhythm

With many businesses and organizations being forced to pivot their operations or change their product offering this year, now is a great time to review some options to collect user or customer feedback in the form of surveys. We understand that many of these decisions need to be made quickly and can in many instances be business-critical.

We believe that the best decisions are made when informed by data. Because of this, we wanted to review some survey options available to small to medium-sized businesses.

 is a paid service that offers a quick, cost-effective way to get valuable insights into the minds of your target audience. They primarily target internet users reading content on a network of web publisher sites using 

. These are the surveys you are asked to take before reading an article on a news website.

Google Surveys are also a great opportunity for web publishers to further monetize their websites.

Surveys can be up to 10 questions long. When designing a Google Survey, marketers can choose between 

 and can even use screener questions to ensure they are collecting responses from their desired audience.

priced on a price per completed response basis

, with the price based on the audience you want to reach and whether or not a screener question is used. In our experience, we recommend a minimum budget of $250 for a Google Survey. You will be billed for your survey once it begins.

A great application for Google Surveys can be measuring the effectiveness of an awareness or reach campaign, where a marketer is mostly focused on reaching and leaving an impression in a large audience. Running a Google Survey pre- and post-campaign and comparing data between the two surveys can answer valuable questions, e.g. did name recognition increase in the post-campaign survey compared to the pre-campaign survey?

“A great application for Google Surveys can be measuring the effectiveness of an awareness or reach campaign, where a marketer is mostly focused on reaching and leaving an impression in a large audience.”

Google Surveys are a great option for marketers who can dedicate some budget to access a large number of respondents and ask a variety of questions.

Facebook and Instagram story polls offer a quick, easy, and free method to poll your existing social audience for low-level insights. Story posts remain public for 24 hours, so this method can offer a quick turn around on insights. Results can be accessed in the “Insights” section of your Facebook or Instagram profile.

Marketers can make data collection quick and fun by using exciting/engaging creative in their story posts. VIA Studio recently leveraged story polls to conduct a 

 that was intended to run in parallel with the 2020 NCAA basketball tournaments.

“Marketers can make data collection quick and fun by using exciting/engaging creative in their story posts.”

This tactic is limited to just your social audience and others who may access your profile so its reach is limited. Additionally, Facebook and Instagram story polls do not offer much demographic information on respondents.

This tactic is easy, simple, and free. However, with data collection being minimal, it should only be used for a simple, single question poll.

 offer a great, free option for collecting both quantitative and qualitative feedback from a known audience. Responses to Google Forms surveys are neatly and automatically collected in the platform, with real-time response info and charts. Google Forms data can also be exported to Google Sheets or a .CSV file to use in Microsoft Excel.

Google Forms are free to use and offer a variety of question types. However, where Google Forms differs from Google Surveys is the distribution of the survey itself. Google Surveys will handle distributing the survey via their publishing network. With Google Forms, you are largely on your own in terms of distribution.

Google Forms can be a great survey option if you know from whom you are looking to collect feedback. For example, internal use or an email or customer list are good examples of opportunities to use Google Forms to conduct a survey. If you need assistance in distributing and collecting results however, Google Surveys may be a better option.

“Google Forms can be a great survey option if you know from whom you are looking to collect feedback.”

Another great method of data collection, especially for post-purchase or post-service related queries is to use an email drip campaign. A drip campaign is typically an email campaign that sends, or “drips,” pre-determined email messages to customers or prospects over a set period of time.

Drip campaigns can be used for a variety of reasons, to sell add-on or related products following a purchase, to encourage customers to leave a review or rating on your product or service, or they can be used by marketers to distribute a targeted survey.

A drip campaign can be a good use of a Google Form survey, specifically targeting initial responses right after purchase. Drip campaigns are also a good tactic for collecting data regarding a user’s purchase path or experience, determine user satisfaction with a product or service, or used as an opportunity to ask “what can we do better?”

 offer some sort of drip campaign feature. Drip campaigns can be an ongoing tactic that you can let run in the background without much updating but collecting valuable information over time.

“Drip campaigns can be an ongoing tactic that you can let run in the background without much updating but collecting valuable information over time.”

If your business is in need of market research at any level, the options provided above can be a great start. These options employed together or in tandem can provide even more valuable data. Regardless of your company’s current position, we can all make more informed decisions using market data from surveys!

Marketing Strategy

2020 Marketing Survey Options

Branding

Art Direction

Web Design

Graphic Design

Illustration

Ben Sollee

Copywriting

UX / UI

Provi

Creating innovative, well-considered strategies relies upon experience and knowledge - but also the ability to research, find facts, and identify trends and opportunities. We provide this service to clients who are challenged with new platforms, new markets and new technology. Naturally curious, we like to stay up-to-date and ahead of the curve for our own knowledge, and for the benefit of our future work.

Below is a selection of journal entries for some of our most recent research subjects.

Research

Research: Case Studies

01

Ben Sollee

02

Provi

Research: Blog Posts

A Critical Look at Spotify's Algorithms, Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Algorhythm

2020 Marketing Survey Options